http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/48847 Wed, 22 May 2013 10:23:05 GMT 2013-05-22T10:23:05Z http://www.recercat.cat:80/bitstream/id/34160/ http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/48847 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/211162 Wine, beer, alcohol and polyphenols on cardiovascular disease and cancer Arranz, Sara; Chiva Blanch, Gemma; Valderas Martínez, Palmira; Medina Remón, Alexander; Lamuela Raventós, Rosa Ma.; Estruch Riba, Ramon Abstract: Since ancient times, people have attributed a variety of health benefits to moderate consumption of fermented beverages such as wine and beer, often without any scientific basis. There is evidence that excessive or binge alcohol consumption is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, as well as with work related and traffic accidents. On the contrary, at the moment, several epidemiological studies have suggested that moderate consumption of alcohol reduces overall mortality, mainly from coronary diseases. However, there are discrepancies regarding the specific effects of different types of beverages (wine, beer and spirits) on the cardiovascular system and cancer, and also whether the possible protective effects of alcoholic beverages are due to their alcoholic content (ethanol) or to their non-alcoholic components (mainly polyphenols). Epidemiological and clinical studies have pointed out that regular and moderate wine consumption (one to two glasses a day) is associated with decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, diabetes, and certain types of cancer, including colon, basal cell, ovarian, and prostate carcinoma. Moderate beer consumption has also been associated with these effects, but to a lesser degree, probably because of beer"s lower phenolic content. These health benefits have mainly been attributed to an increase in antioxidant capacity, changes in lipid profiles, and the anti-inflammatory effects produced by these alcoholic beverages. This review summarizes the main protective effects on the cardiovascular system and cancer resulting from moderate wine and beer intake due mainly to their common components, alcohol and polyphenols. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/211162 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/210682 Effect of sex and prior exposure to a cafeteria diet on the distribution of sex hormones between plasma and blood cells Romero, María del Mar; Fernández López, José Antonio; Remesar Betlloch, Xavier; Alemany, Marià, 1946- It is generally assumed that steroid hormones are carried in the blood free and/or bound to plasma proteins. We investigated whether blood cells were also able to bind/carry sex-related hormones: estrone, estradiol, DHEA and testosterone. Wistar male and female rats were fed a cafeteria diet for 30 days, which induced overweight. The rats were fed the standard rat diet for 15 additional days to minimize the immediate effects of excess ingested energy. Controls were always kept on standard diet. After the rats were killed, their blood was used for 1) measuring plasma hormone levels, 2) determining the binding of labeled hormones to washed red blood cells (RBC), 3) incubating whole blood with labeled hormones and determining the distribution of label between plasma and packed cells, discounting the trapped plasma volume, 4) determining free plasma hormone using labeled hormones, both through membrane ultrafiltration and dextrancharcoal removal. The results were computed individually for each rat. Cells retained up to 32% estrone, and down to 10% of testosterone, with marked differences due to sex and diet (the latter only for estrogens, not for DHEA and testosterone). Sex and diet also affected the concentrations of all hormones, with no significant diet effects for estradiol and DHEA, but with considerable interaction between both factors. Binding to RBC was non-specific for all hormones. Estrogen distribution in plasma compartments was affected by sex and diet. In conclusion: a) there is a large non-specific RBC-carried compartment for estrone, estradiol, DHEA and testosterone deeply affected by sex; b) Prior exposure to a cafeteria (hyperlipidic) diet induced hormone distribution changes, affected by sex, which hint at sex-related structural differences in RBC membranes; c) We postulate that the RBC compartment may contribute to maintain free (i.e., fully active) sex hormone levels in a way similar to plasma proteins non-specific binding. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/210682 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/209859 Genetic variants of the FADS gene cluster and ELOVL gene family, colostrums LC-PUFA levels, breastfeeding, and child cognition Morales, Eva; Bustamante, Mariona; González, Juan R.; Guxens, Mònica; Torrent, Maties; Méndez, Michelle; García-Esteban, Raquel; Julvez, Jordi; Forns, Joan; Vrijheid, Martine; Moltó-Puigmartí, Carolina; López Sabater, María del Carmen; Estivill, Xavier, 1955-; Sunyer Deu, Jordi Introduction: Breastfeeding effects on cognition are attributed to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), but controversy persists. Genetic variation in fatty acid desaturase (FADS) and elongase (ELOVL) enzymes has been overlooked when studying the effects of LC-PUFAs supply on cognition. We aimed to: 1) to determine whether maternal genetic variants in the FADS cluster and ELOVL genes contribute to differences in LC-PUFA levels in colostrum; 2) to analyze whether these maternal variants are related to child cognition; and 3) to assess whether children's variants modify breastfeeding effects on cognition. Methods: Data come from two population-based birth cohorts (n = 400 mother-child pairs from INMA-Sabadell; and n = 340 children from INMA-Menorca). LC-PUFAs were measured in 270 colostrum samples from INMA-Sabadell. Tag SNPs were genotyped both in mothers and children (13 in the FADS cluster, 6 in ELOVL2, and 7 in ELOVL5). Child cognition was assessed at 14 mo and 4 y using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the McCarthy Scales of Children"s Abilities, respectively. Results: Children of mothers carrying genetic variants associated with lower FADS1 activity (regulating AA and EPA synthesis), higher FADS2 activity (regulating DHA synthesis), and with higher EPA/AA and DHA/AA ratios in colostrum showed a significant advantage in cognition at 14 mo (3.5 to 5.3 points). Not being breastfed conferred an 8- to 9-point disadvantage in cognition among children GG homozygote for rs174468 (low FADS1 activity) but not among those with the A allele. Moreover, not being breastfed resulted in a disadvantage in cognition (5 to 8 points) among children CC homozygote for rs2397142 (low ELOVL5 activity), but not among those carrying the G allele. Conclusion: Genetically determined maternal supplies of LC-PUFAs during pregnancy and lactation appear to be crucial for child cognition. Breastfeeding effects on cognition are modified by child genetic variation in fatty acid desaturase and elongase enzymes. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/209859 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/202703 Optimization of analytical methods for the assessment of the quality of fats and oils used in continuous deep fat frying Navas Sánchez, José Antonio; Tres Oliver, Alba; Bou Novensà, Ricard; Codony Salcedo, Rafael; Guardiola Ibarz, Francesc La aplicabilidad, repetibilidad y capacidad de diferentes métodos de análisis para discriminar muestras de aceites con diferentes grados de oxidación fueron evaluadas mediante aceites recogidos en procesos de fritura en continuo en varias empresas españolas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue encontrar métodos complementarios a la determinación del índice de acidez para el control de calidad rutinario de los aceites de fritura empleados en estas empresas. La optimización de la determinación de la constante dieléctrica conllevó una clara mejora de la variabilidad. No obstante, excepto en el caso del índice del ATB, el resto de métodos ensayados mostraron una menor variabilidad. La determinación del índice del ATB fue descartada ya que su sensibilidad fue insuficiente para discriminar entre aceites con diferente grado de oxidación. Los diferentes parámetros de alteración determinados en los aceites de fritura mostraron correlaciones significativas entre el índice de acidez y varios parámetros de oxidación diferentes, como la constante dieléctrica, el índice de p-anisidina, la absorción al ultravioleta y el contenido en polímeros de los triacilgliceroles. El índice de acidez solo evalúa la alteración hidrolítica, por lo que estos parámetros aportan información complementaria al evaluar la alteración termooxidativa. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/202703 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/202702 The development of a web page for lipid science and research. Main web sites of interest Farran, Andreu; Pascual, J.; Grillo, J.; Codony Salcedo, Rafael; Boatella Riera, Josep En internet encontramos gran cantidad de información científico-técnica cuya validez no suele estar controlada por comités correctores. Para aprovechar estos recursos es necesario filtrar y facilitar el acceso del usuario a la información. En este artículo se expone la experiencia práctica en el desarrollo de una página WEB centrada en las actividades del grupo de investigación «Calidad Nutricional y Tecnología de los Lípidos». Los objetivos de esta página WEB fueron los siguientes: difusión de las actividades del grupo de investigación, aprovechar los recursos que ofrece internet y fomentar y facilitar su uso. Esta experiencia permitió presentar una metodología de trabajo eficaz para conseguir estos objetivos. Finalmente, se presentan un gran número de direcciones WEB agrupadas por apartados en el ámbito de los lípidos. Estas direcciones han sido rigurosamente seleccionadas, entre un gran número de referencias consultadas, siguiendo una serie de criterios que se discuten en este trabajo, para ofrecer aquellas que presentan un mayor interés práctico. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/202702 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/202699 Contenidos de isomeros trans de los acidos grasos en productos carnicos. (III) Tejido adiposo y grasa intramuscular de vacuno Lluch, M. C.; Roca de Vinyals, M.; Parcerisa Egea, Javier; Guardiola Ibarz, Francesc; Codony Salcedo, Rafael; Rafecas Martínez, Magdalena; Boatella Riera, Josep Se presentan los resultados obtenidos para la determinación de ácidos grasos en una serie de muestras de tejidos subcutáneo y muscular, procedentes de canales de vacuno, por aplicación de la cromatografía en fase gaseosa, para los que se obtuvieron unos valores medios de 58.7% de ácidos saturados, 39.1 % de monoinsaturados y 2.7% de polinsaturados, en el tejido adiposo, y de 44.7% de saturados, 46.1% de monoinsaturados y 9.4% de polinsaturados, en el tejido muscular. Los contenidos de ácidos grasos trans muestran diferencias significativas entre ambos tejidos (medias del 7% de ácidos trans totales en grasa intramuscular y 10.5% en grasa de depósito). El C18: 1t presenta una distribución paralela a la del total de ácidos trans, mientras que para el C16: 1 trans se observa un comportamiento claramente diferente, ya que no se presentan estas diferencias significativas entre ambos tejidos. En cuanto a los factores estudiados que pueden influir en el contenido de isómeros trans, cabe destacar que la raza fue aquél que ofrecía más diferencias, mientras que entre los diversos orígenes (explotaciones ganaderas) y entre categorías de canal se presentaron menos diferencias en relación a los contenidos de estos isómeros. También es importante destacar que las correlaciones que se han observado entre los contenidos de ácidos trans y los totales de ácidos saturados, mono y polinsaturados presentan un signo contrario, según el tipo de tejido. Así, un aumento del % de ácidos trans va aparejado con un aumento de saturados y una disminución de polinsaturados en el tejido muscular, mientras que va aparejado con una disminución de saturados y un aumento de mono y polinsaturados en el tejido adiposo. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/202699 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/202700 Metodologia analitica para la determinacion de oxiesteroles Guardiola Ibarz, Francesc; Codony Salcedo, Rafael; Rafecas Martínez, Magdalena; Boatella Riera, Josep El presente trabajo recoge los principales aspectos relacionados con el análisis de los derivados oxidados del colesterol. Este problema analítico es relativamente reciente y muchas cuestiones relacionadas con el mismo son controvertidas. Prueba de ello es la existencia de un número elevado de metodologías, que exigen aún, en muchos casos, una mejora y validación. Por ello, se ha creído interesante una discusión de los principales sistemas propuestos para su determinación (cromatografía de gases y cromatografía de alta eficacia), así como de las etapas previas de extracción y purificación de las muestras. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/202700 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/202701 Formacion de derivados oxidados de colesterol en alimentos Guardiola Ibarz, Francesc; Codony Salcedo, Rafael; Rafecas Martínez, Magdalena; Boatella Riera, Josep Este trabajo constituye una revisión bibliográfica en donde se recogen los mecanismos de formación de los diferentes oxiesteroles, los factores que influyen en la formación de estos compuestos en alimentos y su contenido en los mismos. Aspectos de creciente interés debido a la gran cantidad de efectos biológicos descritos para estos derivados. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/202701 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/202697 Contenidos de isomeros trans de los acidos grasos en productos carnicos (I). Embutidos Hernández, N.; Codony Salcedo, Rafael; Rafecas Martínez, Magdalena; Boatella Riera, Josep En este trabajo se determinan los contenidos de isómeros trans de la fracción de los ácidos grasos, en muestras de embutidos diversos (total 48 muestras), mediante extracción previa de la fracción grasa y posterior análisis por cromatografía de gases capilar, con columna CP Sil 88. Los resultados muestran una gran variabilidad, entre 0,14 y 1,63% de C18:1 t y entre 0,37 y 2,14% de formas trans totales. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/202697 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/202698 Contenidos de isomeros trans de los acidos grasos en productos carnicos (II). Tejidos adiposo y grasa intramuscular del cerdo Lluch, M. C.; Pascual, J.; Parcerisa Egea, Javier; Guardiola Ibarz, Francesc; Codony Salcedo, Rafael; Rafecas Martínez, Magdalena; Boatella Riera, Josep Se presentan los resultados obtenidos en la determinación de ácidos grasos trans en una serie de muestras de tejidos subcutáneo y muscular, procedentes de canales de cerdo, mediante cromatografía en fase gaseosa. Ambos tipos de grasas presentan valores similares y relativamente bajos, con un valor medio del 0.6% de 018:1 t. Se detecta una marcada influencia de la alimentación, puesta de manifiesto por las diferencias significativas obtenidas para los contenidos de C18:1 trans, en función del origen de las muestras. Igualmente, se recogen las correlaciones obtenidas entre los contenidos de C18:1 t. y los de ácidos grasos saturados, monoinsaturados y poliinsaturados, así como con el contenido graso intramuscular. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/202698 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/202696 Oxiesteroles: efectos biologicos, formacion, contenido y determinacion en alimentos Guardiola Ibarz, Francesc; Rafecas Martínez, Magdalena; Codony Salcedo, Rafael; BBoatella Riera, Josep Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica de los aspectos nutricionales y bromatológicos de los llamados oxiesteroles. Se recogen los efectos biológicos descritos para estos compuestos, su presencia y formación en alimentos y la metodología analítica para su determinación. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/202696 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/202161 Nutritional genomics. A new approach in nutrition research Oleaga, Carlota; Ciudad i Gómez, Carlos Julián; Noé Mata, Verónica; Izquierdo Pulido, María Luz There is an increasing evidence that nutritional genomics represents a promise to improve public health. This goal will be reached by highlighting the mechanisms through which diet can reducethe risk of common polygenic diseases. Nutritional genomics applies high throughput functional genomic technologies and molecular tools in nutrition research, allowing a more precise and accurate knowledge of nutrient-genome interactions in both health and disease. Understanding the inter-relationships among genes, genes products, and dietary habits is fundamental to identify those who will benefit themost or be placed at risk by nutritional interventions. This chapter provides an overview of this novel nutritional approach, including themost relevant results of our recent research on the nutrigenomic effects of food polyphenols on cancer cells. Those studies would highlight themolecular mechanisms underlying the chemopreventive effects of those bioactive food compounds. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/202161 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/196587 Treatment of pregnant rats with oleoyl-estrone slows down pup fat deposition after weaning García Peláez, Beatriz; Vilà Pont, Ruth; Remesar Betlloch, Xavier BACKGROUND: In rats, oral oleoyl-estrone (OE) decreases food intake and body lipid content. The aim of this study was to determine whether OE treatment affects the energy metabolism of pregnant rats and eventually, of their pups; i.e. changes in normal growth patterns and the onset of obesity after weaning. METHODS: Pregnant Wistar rats were treated with daily intragastric gavages of OE in 0.2 ml sunflower oil from days 11 to 21 of pregnancy (i.e. 10 nmol oleoyl-estrone/g/day). Control animals received only the vehicle. Plasma and hormone metabolites were determined together with variations in cellularity of adipose tissue. RESULTS: Treatment decreased food intake and lowered weight gain during late pregnancy, mainly because of reduced adipose tissue accumulation in different sites. OE-treated pregnant rats' metabolic pattern after delivery was similar to that of controls. Neonates from OE-treated rats weighed the same as those from controls. They also maintained the same growth rate up to weaning, but pups from OE-treated rats slowed their growth rate afterwards, despite only limited differences in metabolite concentrations. CONCLUSION: The OE influences on pup growth can be partially buffered by maternal lipid mobilization during the second half of pregnancy. This maternal metabolic "imprinting" may condition the eventual accumulation of adipose tissue after weaning, and its effects can affect the regulation of body weight up to adulthood. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/196587 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/195801 Seguridad y riesgo de toxicidad de los alimentos: un debate actual Mariné Font, Abel; Vidal, M. Carmen El progreso científico y tecnológico ha tenido muchas consecuencias beneficiosas para la humanidad pero también conlleva riesgos. Un ámbito en el que estos dos aspectos de la cuestión se manifiestan más claramente es el de la alimentación humana. Las posibilidades actuales de la industria alimentaria permiten la obtención de productos cada vez más adaptados a las necesidades y gustos del consumidor No obstante, existe una desconfianza frente a los alimentos transformados que se juzgan, injustamente, como menos seguros que los frescos o naturales. Ciertos escándalos de gran resonancia alimentan esta desconfianza, y no suele tenerse en cuenta que las vacas locas, los pollos con dioxinas o la carne con hormonas, por ejemplo, son problemas de las fases primarias de producción, agrícola y ganadera, y no de la industria alimentaria propiamente dicha. Bajo la perspectiva global de lo que son los alimentos y de lo que conocemos de su composición y funciones en el ser humano, y teniendo en cuenta de que el riesgo cero no existe para ninguna actividad, y por lo tanto tampoco en la alimentación, se puede afirmar que nuestros alimentos nunca han sido tan seguros como en la actualidad, aunque sigue habiendo problemas y en un tema como éste, de evidente implicación sanitaria, toda precaución es poca. En este artículo se discuten las relaciones entre alimentación y riesgo y la percepción social sobre estas relaciones, se describen someramente los componentes tóxicos naturales de los alimentos, la contaminación de los mismos, los problemas de alteración y deterioro, así como la adulteración y el fraude y sus consecuencias. También se aborda la significación de casos actuales que cuestionan la seguridad de los alimentos y el papel del control alimentario, por parte de productores y administraciones para garantizar la calidad y la seguridad de los alimentos. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/195801 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/183740 Aspectos nutricionales de la dieta mediterránea Mariné Font, Abel; Vidal Fernández, María Carmen Se realiza un anàlisis de los orígenes de la dieta mediterránea, los cuales se remontan a las grandes culturas clásicas de la Edad Antigua. Además, se describe lo que hoy en dia cabe entender como dieta mediterránea y se analiza el valor nutritivo de los alimentos que integran los diversos tipos de dietas mediterrdneas. Finalmente, se realizan algunas consideraciones sobre la bondad de la dieta mediterránea, que, sin ser una panacea, es lo suficientemente equilibrada y agradable para considerarla saludable. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/183740 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/182391 Methods in the treatment of obesity Remesar Betlloch, Xavier; Fernández López, José Antonio; Alemany, Marià, 1946- http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/182391 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/180240 Effects of dietary fibre intake on risk factors for cardiovascular disease in subjects at high risk. Estruch Riba, Ramon; Martínez-González, Miguel Ángel, 1957-; Corella Piquer, Dolores; Basora-Gallisá, J.; Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V.; Covas Planells, María Isabel; Fiol Sala, Miguel; Gómez Gracia, Enrique; López Sabater, María del Carmen; Escoda, R.; Pena, M. A.; Díez Espino, Javier; Lahoz, C.; Lapetra, J.; Sáez, G.; Ros Rahola, Emilio http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/180240 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/180238 Efecto del tratamiento oral con oleoil-estrona sobre la lipoproteína lipasa y la lipasa hepática en ratas Zucker obesas y con normopeso Blay, M.; Peinado Onsurbe, Julia; Grasa Martinez, Maria del Mar; Díaz-Silva, M.; Fernández López, José Antonio; Remesar Betlloch, Xavier; Alemany, Marià, 1946- http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/180238 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/180235 Rat insulin turnover in vivo Cañas Perea, Xavier; Fernández López, José Antonio; Ardévol Grau, Anna; Adán Liébana, Cristina; Esteve Ràfols, Montserrat; Rafecas Jorba, Immaculada; Remesar Betlloch, Xavier; Alemany, Marià, 1946- Zucker lean and obese rats were injected under pentobarbital anesthesia with 125I-labeled insulin; at timed intervals from 30 to 120 sec, blood samples were extracted and used for the estimation of insulin levels by RIA. A group of rats from each series was maintained under a constant infusion of noradrenaline. For each insulin determination, a duplicate blood sample containing the same amount of insulin as that used in the RIA, but without the radioactive label, was used as a blank for insulin measurement. The radioactivity in these tubes was then used for the measurement of insulin label per ml blood. From plasma label decay curves and insulin concentrations, the insulin pool size, half-life, and rate of degradation were calculated. Obese rats had higher insulin levels (2.43 nM) and showed less effect of noradrenaline than their lean counterparts, in which insulin distribution volume shrank with noradrenaline treatment. The half-life of plasma insulin was similar in all groups (range, 226-314 sec). Pool size and overall degradation rates were higher in obese (198 femtokatals) than in lean rats (28 femtokatals). It is postulated that obese rats synthesize and cleave much more insulin than lean controls despite their higher circulating levels of insulin. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/180235 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/180237 Plasma leptin turnover rates in lean and obese Zucker rats Vilà Pont, Ruth; Adán Liébana, Cristina; Rafecas Jorba, Immaculada; Fernández López, José Antonio; Remesar Betlloch, Xavier; Alemany, Marià, 1946- Conscious female adult lean and obese Zucker rats were injected through the jugular vein with radioactive iodine-labeled murine leptin; in the ensuing 8 min, four blood samples were sequentially extracted from the carotid artery. The samples were used in a modified RIA for leptin, in which paired tubes received the same amount of either labeled or unlabeled leptin, thus allowing us to estimate both leptin levels and specific radioactivity. The data were used to determine the decay curve parameters from which the half-life of leptin (5.46 ± 0.23 min for lean rats and 6.99 ± 0.75 min for obese rats) as well as the size of its circulating pool (32 pmol/kg for lean rats and 267 pmol/kg for obese rats) and the overall degradation rate (96 fkat/kg for lean rats and 645 fkat/kg for obese rats) were estimated. These values are consistent with the hormonal role of leptin and the need for speedy changes in its levels in response to metabolic challenge. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/180237 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/180236 Dietas terapéuticas, conceptos, controversias y errores Alemany, Marià, 1946- Las dietas terapéuticas, utilizadas para el tratamiento de la obesidad representan siempre un compromiso de limitación del aporte energético creando los menos problemas posibles, para que el margen de utilidad sea efectivo se requiere que el aporte calórico sea muy bajo para combatir la caida del gasto energético que lleva aparejada su utilización, pero esto afecta negativamente el metabolismo nitrogenado, por lo que la utifización de estas dietas viene limitado en el tiempo. Su efectividad a largo plazo es también limitada. A pesar de todosiempre es preferible su utifización que las peligrosas dietas cetogénicas o disociadas, o las dietas populares creadas al amparo de campañas publicitarias y cuya efectividad terapéutica es nula. Las dietas sirven para aportar los nutrientes que necesitamos, pero también para dar placer y satisfacción. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/180236 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/180239 Different modulation of adipocytokine expression in four main white adipose tissue sites in the rat: mesenteric, perigonadal, retroperitoneal and subcutaneous Romero, María del Mar; Fernández López, José Antonio; Esteve Ràfols, Montserrat; Alemany, Marià, 1946- White adipose tissue (WAT) is a disperse organ acting as energy storage depot and endocrine/paracrine controlling factor in the management of energy availability and inflammation. WAT sites response under energy-related stress is not uniform. In the present study we have analyzed how different WAT sites respond to limited food restriction as a way to better understand the role of WAT in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/180239 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/180234 Insulin degradation by adipose tissue is increased in human obesity Rafecas Jorba, Immaculada; Fernández López, José Antonio; Salinas, Isabel; Formiguera Sala, X.; Remesar Betlloch, Xavier; Foz Sala, M. (Màrius); Alemany, Marià, 1946- White adipose tissue samples from obese and lean patients were used for the estimation ofinsulin protease and insulin:glutathione transhydrogenase using 1251-labeled insulin. There was no activity detected in the absence of reduced glutathione, which indicates that insulin is cleaved in human adipose "tissue through reduction of the disulfide bridge between the chains. O bese patients showed higher transhydrogenase activity (per U tissue protein wt, per U tissue wt, and in the total adipose tissue mass) than the lean group. There is a significant correlation between the activity per U tissue wt, and protein and total activity in the whole adipose tissue with respect to body mass index, with a higher activity in obese patients. The potential ofinsulin cleavage by adipose tissue in obese patients was a mean 5.6-fold higher than that in controla. The coexistence of high insulinemia and high cleavage capability implies that insulin secretion and turnover are increased in the o bese. Thus, white adipose tissue may be crucial in the control of energy availability through modulation ofinsulin cleavage. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/180234 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/179930 Corticosterone inhibits the lipid-mobilizing effects of oleoyl-estrone in adrenalectomized rats Grasa Martínez, Maria del Mar; Serrano, M.; Fernández López, José Antonio; Alemany, Marià, 1946- Oleoyl-estrone (OE) is an adipose-derived signal that decreases energy intake and body lipid, maintaining energy expenditure and glycemic homeostasis. Glucocorticoids protect body lipid and the metabolic status quo. We studied the combined effects of OE and corticosterone in adrenalectomized female rats: daily OE gavages (0 or 10 nmol/g) and slow-release corticosterone pellets at four doses (0, 0.5, 1.7, and 4.8 mg/d). Intact and sham-operated controls were also included. After 8 d, body composition and plasma metabolites and hormones were measured. OE induced a massive lipid mobilization (in parallel with decreased food intake and maintained energy expenditure). Corticosterone increased fat deposition and inhibited the OE-elicited mobilization of body energy, even at the lowest dose. OE enhanced the corticosterone-induced rise in plasma triacylglycerols, and corticosterone blocked the OE-induced decrease in leptin. High corticosterone and OE increased insulin resistance beyond the effects of corticosterone alone. The presence of corticosterone dramatically affected OE effects, reversing its decrease of body energy (lipid) content, with little or no change on food intake or energy expenditure. The maintenance of glycemia and increasing insulin in parallel to the dose of corticosterone indicate a decrease in insulin sensitivity, which is enhanced by OE. The reversal of OE effects on lipid handling, insulin resistance, can be the consequence of a corticosterone-induced OE resistance. Nevertheless, OE effects on cholesterol were largely unaffected. In conclusion, corticosterone administration effectively blocked OE effects on body lipid and energy balance as well as insulin sensitivity and glycemia. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/179930 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/179925 Comparative effects of oleoyl-estrone and a specific b3-adrenergic agonist (CL316, 243) on the expression of genes involved in energy metabolism of rat white adipose tissue Ferrer Lorente, Raquel; Cabot Majem, Cristina; Fernández López, José Antonio; Alemany, Marià, 1946- Background: The combination of oleoyl-estrone (OE) and a selective b3-adrenergic agonist (B3A; CL316,243) treatment in rats results in a profound and rapid wasting of body reserves (lipid). Methods: In the present study we investigated the effect of OE (oral gavage) and/or B3A (subcutaneous constant infusion) administration for 10 days to overweight male rats, compared with controls, on three distinct white adipose tissue (WAT) sites: subcutaneous inguinal, retroperitoneal and epididymal. Tissue weight, DNA (and, from these values cellularity), cAMP content and the expression of several key energy handling metabolism and control genes were analyzed and computed in relation to the whole site mass. Results: Both OE and B3A significantly decreased WAT mass, with no loss of DNA (cell numbers). OE decreased and B3A increased cAMP. Gene expression patterns were markedly different for OE and B3A. OE tended to decrease expression of most genes studied, with no changes (versus controls) of lipolytic but decrease of lipogenic enzyme genes. The effects of B3A were widely different, with a generalized increase in the expression of most genes, including the adrenergic receptors, and, especially the uncoupling protein UCP1. Discussion: OE and B3A, elicit widely different responses in WAT gene expression, end producing similar effects, such as shrinking of WAT, loss of fat, maintenance of cell numbers. OE acted essentially on the balance of lipolysislipogenesis and the blocking of the uptake of substrates; its decrease of synthesis favouring lipolysis. B3A induced a shotgun increase in the expression of most regulatory systems in the adipocyte, an effect that in the end favoured again the loss of lipid; this barely selective increase probably produces inefficiency, which coupled with the increase in UCP1 expression may help WAT to waste energy through thermogenesis. Conclusions: There were considerable differences in the responses of the three WAT sites. OE in general lowered gene expression and stealthily induced a substrate imbalance. B3A increasing the expression of most genes enhanced energy waste through inefficiency rather than through specific pathway activation. There was not a synergistic effect between OE and B3A in WAT, but their combined action increased WAT energy waste. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/179925 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/179928 Hindleg muscle energy and substrate balances in cold-exposed rats Adán Liébana, Cristina; Ardévol Grau, Anna; Closa i Autet, Daniel, 1961-; Remesar Betlloch, Xavier; Alemany, Marià, 1946-; Fernández López, José Antonio Rats chronically cannulated in the carotid artery and the muscular branch of the femoral vein were subjected to a cold (4 °C) environment for up to 2 h. The changes in blood flow (measured with 46Sc microspheres) and arterio-venous differences in the concentrations of glucose, lactate, triacylglycerols and amino acids allowed the estimation of substrate (and energy) balances across the hindleg. Mean glucose uptake was 0.28mmol min21, mean lactate release was 0.33mmol min21 and the free fatty acid basal release of 0.31mmol min21 was practically zero upon exposure to the cold; the initial uptake of triacylglycerols gave place to a massive release following exposure. The measurement of PO·, PCO· and pH also allowed the estimation of oxygen, CO2 and bicarbonate balances and respiratory quotient changes across the hindleg. The contribution of amino acids to the energy balance of the hindleg was assumed to be low. These data were used to determine the sources of energy used to maintain muscle shivering with time. Three distinct phases were observed in hindleg substrate utilization. (1) The onset of shivering, with the use of glucose/glycogen and an increase in lactate efflux. Lipid oxidation was practically zero (respiratory quotient near 1), but the uptake of triacylglycerols from the blood remained unchanged. (2) A substrate-energy shift, with drastically decreased use of glucose/glycogen, and of lactate efflux; utilization of triacylglycerol as practically the sole source of energy (respiratory quotient approximately 0.7); decreasing uptake of triacylglycerol and increased tissue lipid mobilization. (3) The onset of a new heat-homeostasis setting for prolonged cold-exposure, with maintenance of muscle energy and heat production based on triacylglycerol utilization and efflux from the hindleg (muscle plus skin and subcutaneous adipose masses) contributing energy to help sustain heat production by the core organs and surrounding brown adipose tissue. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/179928 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/179926 Whole-rat protein content estimation: applicability of the Nx6.25 factor Rafecas Jorba, Immaculada; Esteve, M.; Fernández López, José Antonio; Remesar Betlloch, Xavier; Alemany, Marià, 1946- The amino acid composition of the protein from three strains of rat (Wistar, Zucker lean and Zucker obese), subjected to reference and high-fat diets has been used to determine the mean empirical formula, molecular weight and N content of whole-rat protein. The combined whole protein of the rat was uniform for the six experimental groups, containing an estimate of 17.3% N and a mean aminoacyl residue molecular weight of 103.7. This suggests that the appropriate protein factor for the calculation of rat protein from its N content should be 5.77 instead of the classical 6.25. In addition, an estimate of the size of the non-protein N mass in the whole rat gave a figure in the range of 5.5 % of all N. The combination of the two calculations gives a protein factor of 5.5 for the conversion of total N into rat protein. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/179926 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/179927 3-Hydroxybutyrate coinfused with noradrenaline decreases resulting plasma levels of noradrenaline in Wistar rats Cañas, X.; Sanchis, D.; Gómez, G.; Casanovas, J.M.; Artigas Pérez, Francesc; Fernández López, José Antonio; Remesar Betlloch, Xavier; Alemany, Marià, 1946- Pentobarbital-anaesthetized male Wistar rats were infused with 6microgkg-1min-1 of noradrenaline. The infusion was supplemented with 8.5 mgkg-1min-1 of D-3-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHB) for 15 min in order to determine its effect on the adrenergic response of the rat. Plasma levels of noradrenaline rose to a plateau of approximately 50 nmoll-1 with infusion. In the group infused with noradrenaline alone, noradrenaline levels were maintained for 1h. Supplementation with 3-OHB induced a decrease in plasma noradrenaline level that was inversely correlated with 3-OHB level. Aortic and interscapular brown adipose tissue temperatures increased with noradrenaline infusion, but the rise was arrested by 3-OHB; replacing 3-OHB with glucose had no effect. Infusion of saline, glucose or 3-OHB in the absence of noradrenaline did not induce a rise in temperature in either tissue. Blood 3-OHB concentration increased to 1.2 mmoll-1 during 3-OHB infusion, decreasing rapidly at the end of infusion. Blood glucose levels increased with noradrenaline infusion; the presence of high 3-OHB levels decreased glucose concentration. The effects observed were transient and dependent on 3-OHB concentration; these effects may help explain most of the other effects of noradrenaline described here. The role of 3-OHB as a regulator of adrenergic responses seems to be part of a complex fail-safe mechanism which prevents wasting. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/179927 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/179929 The defense of adipose tissue against excess substrate-induced hyperthrophia: Immune system cell infiltration and arrested metabolic activity Alemany, Marià, 1946- http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/179929 http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/179920 Measurement of total estrone content in foods. Application to dairy products. García Peláez, Beatriz; Ferrer Lorente, Raquel; Gómez-Ollés, S.; Fernández López, José Antonio; Remesar Betlloch, Xavier; Alemany, Marià, 1946- Estrone is a powerful growth-inducing hormone that is present in milk, mainly in the form of fatty acid esters, at concentrations that promote growth in experimental animals. We present here a method useful for the measurement of this natural hormone in foods and applied it to several common dairy products. Samples were frozen, finely powdered, and lyophilized then extracted with trichloromethane/methanol; the dry extract was saponified with potassium hydroxide. The free estrone evolved was extracted with ethyl acetate and was used for the estimation of total estrone content through radioimmunoassay. Application of the method to dairy products showed high relative levels of total estrone (essentially acyl-estrone) in milk, in the range of 1 ¿M, which were halved in skimmed milk. Free estrone levels were much lower, in the nanomolar range. A large proportion of estrone esters was present in all other dairy products, fairly correlated with their fat content. The amount of estrone carried by milk is well within the range, where its intake may exert a physiological response in the sucklings for which it is provided. These growth-inducing and energy expenditure-lowering effects may affect humans ingesting significant amounts of dairy products. http://www.recercat.cat:80/handle/2072/179920